Geography of Afghanistan Term Papers

     Geographical causes for this ethnic diversity are three-fold.  First, the Hindu Kush mountains are the most prominent feature of the land, occupying about two thirds of Afghanistan’s 251,773 square miles and rising to heights of 25,000 feet.  The mountain range divides the country into a northern third, consisting mostly of the northern plains, and a southern two thirds, covered by desert and semidesert lowlands . Geographically, this ethnic diversity extends to Afghanistan’s neighbors as well, with Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to the north, Pakistan to the east and south, and Iran to the west.

     Second, the climate is dry, with annual precipitation in most areas either insufficient or too unpredictable to allow for a rain-base agriculture to develop.  As a result, an irrigation dependent agriculture developed, contributing to regional concentration of farmers around major water sources .

     Third, although there are several major river systems, none of them – at least over the last three centuries – have been used for either transport or communications.  And outside of a couple of major arteries that cross the country, most notably the silk route, there was no plan for national development of major transportation arteries until the late fifties and early sixties.  To this day, Afghanistan has no railroad system.

     Economically, this geographical isolation catalyzed the development of regionally dependent economies.  With little interaction between these regional economies, strong regional identities developed; distance and lack of communication contributed to the evolution of 32 languages belonging to four distinct linguistic families.  Many Afghans from one part of the country cannot converse intelligibly with Afghans from another part, and historically their loyalty had been associated firstly with their ethnic group and tribe, and only secondly with the state.

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